Which of the following is a characteristic of retreatist subcultures according to Cloward and Ohlin?

The characteristic of retreatist subcultures, as defined by Cloward and Ohlin, is their orientation towards the use of illegal drugs. Retreatist subcultures arise primarily among those who have failed to achieve success through both legitimate means, such as education and employment, as well as through deviant means like crime. This group consists of individuals who withdraw from society’s expectations altogether and often turn to substance abuse as a form of escape or coping mechanism.

The focus on illegal drugs highlights the desperation and disconnection from conventional societal goals they experience. Unlike other subcultures, which may engage in organized crime or violence to achieve status or financial gain, retreatists tend to prioritize substance use over any structured approach to conflict or achievement. Therefore, their lifestyle is characterized by disengagement from both conventional ambitions and criminal opportunities, leading them to a unique place within the broader framework of deviant subcultures.